{"id":187,"date":"2024-12-12T05:04:58","date_gmt":"2024-12-12T05:04:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wmo-11scwxmod.tropmet.res.in\/site\/?page_id=187"},"modified":"2025-02-25T05:15:19","modified_gmt":"2025-02-25T05:15:19","slug":"themes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wmo-11scwxmod.tropmet.res.in\/?page_id=187","title":{"rendered":"Themes"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Themes<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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To be Updated<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Fundamental aspects of cloud physics as the basis for cloud\nseeding<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Studies on Cloud condensation nuclei, ice nucleation, aerosol-cloud-precipitation\ninteractions, and secondary ice production in different global environments\nare invited. This may include laboratory, field measurements, or numerical\nsimulation studies. This session deals with the scientific processes that are\nthe foundations of rain enhancement programs and may present cloud\nformation through warm and cold cloud processes. The contributions may\ninclude theoretical studies, laboratory studies, numerical simulations and\nreports on the field experiments.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Precipitation enhancement studies in deep convective clouds<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The session may involve weather modification strategies, field experiments,\nlaboratory studies, numerical modelling of deep convective clouds, including\nfield campaign reports, long-term studies on randomization experiments,\nAI\/ML based models, etc. Both hygroscopic and glaciogenic seeding methods\nare included.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Precipitation enhancement studies in shallow\/orographic clouds<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Winter orographic cloud seeding studies are done extensively. Specific topics are\nrelating to long-term weather modification experiments, numerical simulations,\nradar-based evaluations, generating cells, etc. The session can include\ndifferent aspects of stratiform cloud seeding or shallow cloud seeding, either\nwith glaciogenic or hygroscopic seeding.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Hail mitigation, fog or rain suppression<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The session includes hail suppression studies and evaluations, the\nsuppression of fog as well as rain, the latter of which transitions to weather\nmanagement studies.\u00a0 Hail suppressions are done with glaciogenic seeding\nagents and this session will discuss the major experiments and results from\nhail suppression studies.The topics may also cover the seeding impact and\nphysical evaluations of hail suppression. The polarimetric radar observations\nplay a key role in the evaluation. The session may also discuss the dynamic\nand static cloud seeding. The results on seasonal evaluations of hail\nsuppression studies and documented evidence are invited. The electrical\nproperties of storms and how seeding impacts these aspects are also of\ninterest. Results on the hail storms with hygroscopic seeding may also be\ndiscussed.\u00a0\u00a0\n
\nWarm and cold fog suppression studies are conducted around the world,\nhowever are more complex due to complex boundary layer processes. The\ndocumented results on demonstrated field experiments and synthesis of state\nof knowledge in the field may be considered.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Hydrological processes, impacts, and assessments<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The session may report feasibility or impact studies for cloud seeding using\nhydrological modelling. The climatology, suitable\/seedable clouds statistics,\noptimum experiments and designs for best outcome from seeding, ensemble\nmodel approaches may also be discussed.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Broader applications\/hazard mitigation (Eg. Bushfire\/forest fire or\navalanche mitigation, cyclone or typhoon mitigation, etc.)<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Fire events cause significant economic, life and livelihood losses. In several\ninstances, dry weather and also lightning cause fire events. The strong and\nturbulent winds indeed help in the spreading of fire.\u00a0 One way of weather\nmodification is to try to reduce the electric fields within thunderstorms and to\nsuppress the lightning discharges. The methods used for this weather\nmodification activities, efficacy, and the science of seeding methods will be\ndiscussed. Numerical modelling efforts on the fire events and mitigation are\nalso welcome. Numerical studies or other exploratory studies on avalanche\nmitigation, cyclone\/typhoon mitigation are also included in this session.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Inadvertent weather modification (Urban impacts, contrails,\npollution dispersion, etc.)<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The fire events, especially biomass burning, different agricultural practices\u00a0\nand industrial activities make inadvertent modifications in the weather and\nalso influence precipitation. The session will seek contributions from urban\nstudies and other inadvertent weather modification studies, specific to the\naerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions. The air quality may be impacted and\nthe visibility\/fog conditions can occur. The session will seek contributions on\nall these topics.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Emerging technologies or new methods for weather modification<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The emerging technologies for weather modification research or applications\nare widespread, and include (but not limited to): topics utilizing AI\/ML-based\napproaches, digital twin, balloon-based seeding techniques, ground-based\ngenerators, automated seeding drones and use of unmanned aircraft systems\n(UAS), new seeding agents, such as nanoparticles, charged seeding\nparticles, etc. In addition, observational technologies such as the use of\nphased array radars or other continuous monitoring radars are also emerging.\nThe use of state-of-the-art scanning and observing systems, new cloud and\nprecipitation probes, and other instruments may also be described.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Weather forecasting, and nowcasting\u202fDecision Support Systems<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Decision support systems are part of many weather modification experiments.\nThis may include weather forecasting and nowcasting. The use of radar\nobservations in weather modification experiments and new methods such as\ntracking the storm initiation, possible development of secondary storms, how\n\nthe decision support systems can be improved with new emerging techniques\ncan be discussed.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Ethical, Legal and Social Issues (ELSI) topics<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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This session will discuss societal, ethical, and legal aspects of weather\nmodification. The measures undertaken prior to operational weather\nmodification will be discussed. The environmental impacts, extra area effects\nof seeding, any evidence of impact from the ongoing or past experiments,\noperational projects, long-term impacts on the ecosystem or biota, and related\ntopics may be presented.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Climate intervention\/Marine Cloud Brightening<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Anthropogenic impact on weather and climate is discussed in this section.\nAerosols, land use, or other ways of climate interventions are discussed in\nthis session. Both the continental and marine projects; especially the cloud\nbrightening projects and summaries of such projects are invited. Specific\npapers on cirrus cloud thinning, stratospheric aerosol injection modelling\nexperiments, and studies and simulations of marine cloud brightening are\ninvited.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Stakeholder\/policymaker\/public engagement and communication<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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WMO has a statement on the weather modification aspects, and it is desirable to\nhave reporting of the weather modification projects to WMO for records. WMO also\nrecommends following certain guidelines before any weather modification project.\nThe session will share such knowledge through the WMO Expert Team with\nstakeholders\/policy makers.\u00a0\u00a0\n
\nEffective engagement with policymakers and stakeholders is critical to conducting\nweather modification research and operations.\u00a0 This session invites topics related to\nmethods and approaches for engagement with policymaker, stakeholder, and other\npublic communities.\u00a0 In addition, topics on communication approaches, issues, and\nchallenges, as well as educational efforts and challenges encountered.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Themes To be Updated Fundamental aspects of cloud physics as the basis for cloud seeding Studies on Cloud condensation nuclei, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-187","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wmo-11scwxmod.tropmet.res.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/187","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wmo-11scwxmod.tropmet.res.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wmo-11scwxmod.tropmet.res.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wmo-11scwxmod.tropmet.res.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wmo-11scwxmod.tropmet.res.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=187"}],"version-history":[{"count":28,"href":"https:\/\/wmo-11scwxmod.tropmet.res.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/187\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1492,"href":"https:\/\/wmo-11scwxmod.tropmet.res.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/187\/revisions\/1492"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wmo-11scwxmod.tropmet.res.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=187"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}